1. 📁 File Operations

Objective:

Master basic file and directory operations in Linux.

Basic Commands:

user@linux:~$ pwd /home/user user@linux:~$ ls Documents Downloads Desktop user@linux:~$ ls -la total 28 drwxr-xr-x 5 user user 4096 Jan 15 10:00 . drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 15 09:30 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 user user 220 Jan 15 09:30 .bashrc drwxr-xr-x 2 user user 4096 Jan 15 10:00 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 user user 4096 Jan 15 10:00 Documents drwxr-xr-x 2 user user 4096 Jan 15 10:00 Downloads user@linux:~$ cd Documents user@linux:~/Documents$ pwd /home/user/Documents

File Viewing:

user@linux:~/Documents$ cat readme.md # Linux Test This is a test file. ## Commands - ls - cd - cat user@linux:~/Documents$ head -5 data.txt line1 line2 line3 line4 line5

File Operations:

user@linux:~/Documents$ touch newfile.txt File created: newfile.txt user@linux:~/Documents$ cp readme.md readme_backup.md Copied: readme.md -> readme_backup.md user@linux:~/Documents$ mv newfile.txt renamed_file.txt Moved: newfile.txt -> renamed_file.txt user@linux:~/Documents$ rm renamed_file.txt Removed: renamed_file.txt

2. 📝 Text Processing

Objective:

Learn powerful text processing commands for data manipulation.

Searching and Filtering:

user@linux:~/Documents$ grep "line2" data.txt line2 user@linux:~/Documents$ grep -n "line" data.txt 1:line1 2:line2 3:line3 4:line4 5:line5 user@linux:~/Documents$ cat users.csv | grep "John" John,25,NYC

Text Analysis:

user@linux:~/Documents$ wc -l data.txt 5 data.txt user@linux:~/Documents$ wc -w readme.md 15 readme.md user@linux:~/Documents$ sort data.txt line1 line2 line3 line4 line5

3. 💻 System Information

Objective:

Monitor system resources and gather system information.

Basic System Info:

user@linux:~$ uname -a Linux linux 5.15.0-72-generic #79-Ubuntu SMP Wed Apr 19 08:22:18 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux user@linux:~$ whoami user user@linux:~$ date Fri Jan 15 15:30:45 UTC 2024 user@linux:~$ uptime 15:30:45 up 2 days, 5:30, 1 user, load average: 0.15, 0.20, 0.18

System Resources:

user@linux:~$ free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7.8Gi 2.3Gi 1.2Gi 512Mi 4.3Gi 5.0Gi Swap: 2.0Gi 0B 2.0Gi user@linux:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 20G 8.0G 11G 43% / /dev/sda2 5.0G 1.0G 3.8G 22% /home tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm

Hardware Information:

user@linux:~$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit CPU(s): 4 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8250U CPU @ 1.60GHz CPU MHz: 1800.000

4. ⚙️ Process Management

Objective:

Monitor and manage running processes and system services.

Process Monitoring:

user@linux:~$ ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.1 225868 9876 ? Ss 10:00 0:01 /sbin/init user 1234 0.0 0.1 21532 5432 pts/0 Ss 10:00 0:00 -bash user 2345 0.0 0.0 10240 1024 pts/0 R+ 10:30 0:00 ps aux user@linux:~$ top top - 15:30:45 up 2 days, 5:30, 1 user, load average: 0.15, 0.20, 0.18 Tasks: 150 total, 1 running, 149 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 2.3 us, 1.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.1 id, 0.4 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

Process Control:

user@linux:~$ jobs [1]+ Running sleep 100 & user@linux:~$ kill 1234 Process 1234 terminated user@linux:~$ killall firefox All firefox processes terminated

5. 🌐 Network Commands

Objective:

Test network connectivity and monitor network interfaces.

Connectivity Tests:

user@linux:~$ ping google.com PING google.com (142.250.191.14) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from google.com: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.045 ms 64 bytes from google.com: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms ^C --- google.com ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss user@linux:~$ wget http://example.com/file.txt --2024-01-15 15:30:45-- http://example.com/file.txt Resolving example.com... 93.184.216.34 Connecting to example.com|93.184.216.34|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1024 (1.0K) [text/plain] Saving to: 'file.txt'

Network Configuration:

user@linux:~$ ifconfig eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 08:00:27:4e:66:a1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) user@linux:~$ netstat -l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN

6. 📦 Archive Operations

Objective:

Create and extract compressed archives for file management.

Creating Archives:

user@linux:~/Documents$ tar -czf backup.tar.gz *.txt Archive operation: -czf backup.tar.gz *.txt user@linux:~/Documents$ zip archive.zip *.md adding: readme.md (deflated 50%) user@linux:~/Documents$ gzip data.txt GZIP operation: data.txt

Extracting Archives:

user@linux:~/Documents$ tar -xzf backup.tar.gz Archive operation: -xzf backup.tar.gz user@linux:~/Documents$ unzip archive.zip Archive: archive.zip inflating: readme.md user@linux:~/Documents$ gunzip data.txt.gz GUNZIP operation: data.txt.gz

7. 🔐 Permissions and Security

Objective:

Manage file permissions and user access controls.

Permission Management:

user@linux:~/Documents$ ls -la script.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 user user 1024 Jan 15 10:00 script.sh user@linux:~/Documents$ chmod +x script.sh Permissions changed: +x script.sh user@linux:~/Documents$ chmod 755 script.sh Permissions changed: 755 script.sh user@linux:~/Documents$ chown user:user script.sh Ownership changed: user:user script.sh

Sudo Operations:

user@linux:~$ sudo apt update [sudo] password for user: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done user@linux:~$ su - Password:

8. 📦 Package Management

Objective:

Install, update, and remove software packages using apt.

Package Operations:

user@linux:~$ sudo apt update Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy InRelease Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease [119 kB] Fetched 229 kB in 2s (114 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done user@linux:~$ sudo apt install htop Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: htop Need to get 123 kB of archives. After this operation, 456 kB will be used. user@linux:~$ apt search editor Sorting... Done Full Text Search... Done nano/jammy 6.2-1 amd64 small, friendly text editor

Package Information:

user@linux:~$ dpkg -l | grep git ii git 1:2.34.1-1ubuntu1.9 amd64 fast, scalable, distributed revision control system user@linux:~$ which git /usr/bin/git

9. 🌍 Environment Variables

Objective:

Manage environment variables and shell configuration.

Environment Commands:

user@linux:~$ env PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin HOME=/home/user USER=user SHELL=/bin/bash TERM=xterm-256color LANG=en_US.UTF-8 user@linux:~$ export EDITOR=nano Exported: EDITOR=nano user@linux:~$ alias ll='ls -la' Alias set: ll='ls -la'

Shell History:

user@linux:~$ history 1 ls 2 cd Documents 3 cat readme.md 4 ps aux user@linux:~$ history -c History cleared

10. ✏️ Text Editors

Objective:

Use different text editors for file editing tasks.

Nano Editor:

user@linux:~$ nano readme.txt GNU nano 6.2 readme.txt [ File content would appear here ] [ This is a simulation of nano editor ] [ Press Ctrl+X to exit ] ^G Get Help ^O Write Out ^W Where Is ^K Cut Text ^X Exit ^R Read File ^\\ Replace ^U Paste

Vim Editor:

user@linux:~$ vim document.txt VIM - Vi IMproved 8.2 ~ VIM - Vi IMproved ~ version 8.2.3458 ~ type :q<Enter> to exit ~ type :help<Enter> or <F1> for on-line help "document.txt" [New File] -- INSERT --

11. 🔍 Essential Show Commands

System Monitoring:

user@linux:~$ ps aux # Process list user@linux:~$ free -h # Memory usage user@linux:~$ df -h # Disk usage user@linux:~$ top # Real-time processes user@linux:~$ lscpu # CPU information user@linux:~$ lsblk # Block devices user@linux:~$ mount # Mounted filesystems user@linux:~$ uptime # System uptime user@linux:~$ whoami # Current user user@linux:~$ id # User ID info

Network Information:

user@linux:~$ ifconfig # Network interfaces user@linux:~$ ip addr show # IP addresses user@linux:~$ ip route show # Routing table user@linux:~$ netstat -l # Listening ports user@linux:~$ ss -tuln # Socket statistics user@linux:~$ ping 8.8.8.8 # Test connectivity

File System Information:

user@linux:~$ ls -la # Detailed file listing user@linux:~$ du -sh * # Directory sizes user@linux:~$ find / -name "*.conf" # Find config files user@linux:~$ locate filename # Locate files user@linux:~$ file /bin/ls # File type user@linux:~$ stat filename # File statistics

12. ✨ Advanced Features and Enhancements

🆕 Enhanced File Operations

  • ls -la - Detailed file listing with colors
  • find - Advanced file searching
  • tree - Directory tree visualization
  • file - File type detection
  • stat - Detailed file information
  • du -sh - Human-readable disk usage

🔧 Text Processing Power

  • grep -n - Line numbers in search results
  • awk - Advanced text processing
  • sed - Stream editor for filtering
  • sort - Sorting with multiple options
  • uniq - Remove duplicate lines
  • cut - Extract columns from text

⚙️ System Monitoring

  • ps aux - Detailed process information
  • top - Real-time system monitor
  • htop - Enhanced process viewer
  • free -h - Human-readable memory info
  • lscpu - CPU architecture details
  • lsblk - Block device tree

🌐 Network Tools

  • ping - Network connectivity testing
  • wget/curl - File downloading
  • ssh - Secure shell connections
  • netstat - Network statistics
  • ifconfig - Network interface config
  • ip - Advanced network management

📦 Package Management

  • apt update - Update package lists
  • apt install - Install packages
  • apt search - Search for packages
  • dpkg -l - List installed packages
  • snap - Universal package manager
  • which - Locate commands

🔐 Security Features

  • chmod - Change file permissions
  • chown - Change file ownership
  • sudo - Execute as superuser
  • passwd - Change user password
  • su - Switch user account
  • id - Display user and group IDs

🎯 Realistic Test Scenarios

You can now run these comprehensive scenarios:

1. System Administration Scenario:

user@linux:~$ sudo apt update user@linux:~$ sudo apt install htop user@linux:~$ htop user@linux:~$ systemctl status nginx user@linux:~$ ps aux | grep nginx

2. File Management Scenario:

user@linux:~$ find /home -name "*.log" -type f user@linux:~$ tar -czf backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz Documents/ user@linux:~$ chmod 644 *.txt user@linux:~$ chown user:user backup_*.tar.gz

3. Network Troubleshooting:

user@linux:~$ ping -c 4 google.com user@linux:~$ traceroute google.com user@linux:~$ netstat -tuln | grep :80 user@linux:~$ ss -s

4. Text Processing Pipeline:

user@linux:~$ cat /var/log/syslog | grep error | tail -10 user@linux:~$ ps aux | awk '{print $1, $2, $11}' | sort user@linux:~$ df -h | grep -v tmpfs | sort -k5 -nr

🔧 Interactive Features

  • • Command History: Up/down arrows to navigate previous commands
  • • Tab Completion: Auto-complete commands and file names
  • • Aliases: Built-in shortcuts like ll, la, l for ls variations
  • • Pipe Support: Chain commands with | for complex operations
  • • Redirection: Use > and >> to redirect output to files
  • • Realistic File System: Complete directory structure with sample files

💡 Learning Tips

  • 📚 Start Simple: Begin with basic commands like ls, cd, pwd
  • 🔗 Use Pipes: Combine commands with | to create powerful workflows
  • 📖 Read Man Pages: Use man command to learn about any command
  • ⚡ Practice Regularly: The more you use these commands, the easier they become
  • 🎯 Learn Shortcuts: Master aliases and keyboard shortcuts for efficiency

🎯 Summary

This Linux Bash simulator now provides a comprehensive terminal experience! With 150+ commands, realistic file system, and advanced features like pipes and redirection, it's the perfect tool for learning Linux system administration and command-line skills.

✅ 150+ Commands ✅ File System ✅ Package Management ✅ Network Tools